All posts by Jeffrey Sterling, MD

Straight, No Chaser: It's October 1st – Do You Know Where Your Affordable Care Act Health Insurance Exchanges Are? Your Top Ten Questions

October 1, 2013Public HealthAffordable Care Act, Americans, Health insurance, Individual mandate, Insurance, January 1st, November, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, United States, Washington D.C.Jeffrey Sterling, MD

No politics here folks, just facts. The bottom line is the Affordable Care Act (ACA) isn’t going anywhere prior to implementation, so let’s look at where things are. You can go here for previous comments on the ACA.
1. What changes today? The exchanges as scheduled to open for administrative business and to begin signing up customers. This is expected to affect approximately 30 million Americans who previously had not been covered by insurance plans. However, online enrollment has been delayed until November. It is still thought this won’t delay the onset of benefits.
2. Do I qualify for an exchange? You do if you are an employee of a business with less than 50 employees and have to buy your own insurance, and if you currently can’t get insurance because of a preexisting medical condition, or you can’t afford the cost.
3. So do I have insurance today if I enroll? No. Benefits begin on January 1st.
4. What about the individual mandate? It’s still in effect. Starting January 1st, most Americans must either be insured or face a fine.
5. What about the employer mandate? It’s actually been delayed until 2015. This mandate requires any company with over 50 employees to offer benefits to anyone working more than 30 hours a week.
6. Is any of this affected by the governmental shutdown? No. In short, funding for the ACA is not under the control of Congress.
7. How do I know what’s happening in my state? 16 states plus the District of Columbia are setting up their own exchanges. The other 34 states are being run either totally or partially by the federal government. Refer to the lead picture to see what your state is doing, then go to www.healthcare.gov for details.
8. How does the insurance provided by the exchanges compare with that of traditional insurance? Different exchange plans will have different levels of coverage (eg.bronze, silver, gold and platinum). You’ll get to select a plan based on your needs.
9. What about the costs? This is tricky. Obviously, the plans differ based on the one selected. Additionally, if you’re below 400% of the poverty level (which equals $45,960 for an individual and $92,200 for a family of four), you’ll be eligible for tax credits to bring down the costs of the respective plans. In general, the costs of individual insurance within the exchanges will be dramatically lower than private insurance for those who qualify.
10. Where do I sign up and/or get more information? Try www.healthcare.gov.

Straight, No Chaser: What's that Rash? Eczema and Psoriasis

September 30, 2013Medical Treatment, Skin/DermatologyAtopic dermatitis, Benadryl, Cutaneous condition, Eczema, health, Inflammation, Psoriasis, Rash, Skin, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

Rashes are very frustrating for patients. They itch, burn, get infected, aren’t pleasant to look at and never go away rapidly enough. Another problem is no one ever seems to know what they are at first, and that causes a big problem because you’re concerned immediately (as you should be) when the rash appears. Unfortunately, in the early stages, most rashes are indistinguishable. In many cases, in order to diagnose them, you’d have to let them evolve and bloom into whatever they’re trying to become, but who has time for that? I remember in medical school, the prevailing wisdom was “If it’s wet, dry it (powder), if it’s dry, wet it (creams, lotions and ointments), and give everybody steroids.” Well, don’t try that at home without your physician’s direction because it’s not universally true, but it sure does seem like hydrocortisone has a lot to do with treating rashes.
Today, I’d like to review two common chronic conditions defined by rashes, and later I’ll do the same with acute presentations of rashes. The thing about eczema and psoriasis is we should know it when we see it, and so should you. By the way, dermatitis is the general term for skin inflammations, and eczema and psoriasis both fall under this category. As such, they have a lot in common, including basic underlying mechanisms (irritation), treatment considerations and a knack at raising frustration levels.

Eczema (aka atopic dermatitis, which is the most common form of eczema) is a red, dry itchy rash that really is just an inflammatory reaction. If you let it linger, it can become cracked, infected and develop a leather-like consistency. It’s said that you’d develop eczema just by scratching or rubbing your skin long enough, because it’s the damage to the skin that causes the inflammatory reaction that defines eczema. This is why eczema is notoriously called “the itch that rashes”. You’re more likely to have it if you have asthma, have fever or tendencies toward food allergies (or other allergies), but you can get it with pretty much any significant skin irritation. It’s not contagious, but it does run in families.

Psoriasis is another chronic skin condition that is easily recognized. As noted above, that thick scaly, silvery skin (called plaques) results from an overgrowth of skin cells. As with eczema, this condition is a result of inflammation to the skin, in this instance caused by an overreaction of your immune system speeding up the production of skin cells. Psoriatic lesions are most often seen on the elbows, knees and scalp; it can also involve the back, hand and feet (including the nails). Psoriasis tends to flare-up then go into remission, but during those flare-ups, it is very uncomfortable and unsightly.
These are both ‘dry’ rashes, so treatment involves moisturizers, changing habits to include mild soaps, loose fitting clothing, moderate temperature showers (to avoid drying the skin), and when necessary, antihistamines (like Benadryl) and topical steroid creams (like hydrocortisone). Use any medications after consultation with your physician, who may prescribe more exotic treatments such as medications to calm or suppress the body’s immune response or ultraviolet light therapy. Your job is to identify and avoid the irritants that cause the inflammatory reaction (e.g. sweating, scratching, tight-fitting clothing and anything that dries you out). It’s important for you to get these addressed early before the appearance becomes too bothersome for you.
I welcome any questions or comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: The Sexually Transmitted Disease Summary and The Week In Review, Sept. 29th, 2013

September 29, 2013Infectious Disease, The Week In ReviewAIDS, Bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia infection, Conditions and Diseases, Disease, Gonorrhea, health, Herpes, HIV, Safe sex, Sexually transmitted disease, Straight No Chaser (composition), SyphilisJeffrey Sterling, MD

Based on your responses to the pictures posted this week, I should have renamed the blog, Scared Straight, No Chaser. The irony of it all is without exception, those pictures were very typical representations of the various sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Some of you didn’t like it, but I do appreciate that large numbers of you read it all. I hope you learned a lot and even more importantly were moved into (in)action. In case you missed anything:

On Sunday, we began the week with a look at bacterial vaginosis (BV), which may be associated with sex but is not an STI. It’s important for women to take an active effort to learn their bodies and the effects various activities have. Remember, BV is easily treated, but it’s always fair to take the opportunity to ensure that STIs aren’t also present.

On Monday, we reviewed the most common bacterial STI, chlamydia. Chlamydia is a really typical disease in that it’s contagious, easily transmitted and has substantial complications if not treated.

On Tuesday, we reviewed gonorrhea, which very often occurs in tandem with Chlamydia. Like chlamydia, it’s contagious, easily transmitted and has substantial complications if not treated. Think of gonorrhea when copious discharge is present, and don’t forget this includes the eyes, throat and joints.

On Wednesday, we reviewed the various stages of syphilis. This easily treatable yet very dangerous disease has the nasty habits of mimicking many other disease and spontaneously disappearing – which is not the same as it being cured. Instead, it progresses to more harmful stages if not identified and treated. Remember the association of syphilis with rashes involving the palms and soles.

On Thursday, we reviewed the treatment of syphilis. It is so important to understand how easily this is treated, so get checked. We also reviewed the story of the Tuskegee Experiment of Untreated Syphilis and how that (unethically) led to the knowledge we have about syphilis and the mandatory protections now in place for humans participating in medical experiments.

On Friday, we reviewed herpes. Many were shocked to learn these groups of small blisters (vesicles) can be found wherever an infection occurs, including the fingers, eyes and mouth. Think of herpes when you get a painful genital ulcer, and get checked ASAP.

On Saturday, we discussed the cauliflower ear, a too common, very preventable and apparently sought after (by certain athletes) condition seen in those with trauma to the ear. The trauma results in the accumulation of blood and clots, which damages and deforms the ear into its prototypical appearance. This leads to a life of pain and deformity.

Here are three final considerations on sexually transmitted infections.

1. They all tend to coexist. Your exposure to one places you at risk for acquiring others, including HIV/AIDS. What you don’t know can hurt you; in fact it can kill you.

2. Remember that until your partner is treated, you’re not treated.

3. Most of these diseases lead to conditions that physiologically make acquiring HIV/AIDS more likely. I didn’t discuss HIV/AIDS this week because it’s involved enough that it is its own topic with several different considerations. We’ll address these another time.

If you’re not prudent enough to practice safe sex, please be diligent enough to get tested and treated based on any suspicion. Even better – do both. The life you save will be your own.

Straight, No Chaser: Emergency Room Adventures – Trampoline Trauma

September 29, 2013Orthopedics/Bones, Trauma, Musculoskeletal SystemAAP, American Academy of Pediatrics, Australian Associated Press, Emergency department, Gymnastics, health, Injury, Shopping, Sports, Trampoline, United States, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

So I’m back in the emergency room with a little girl who looks like her forearm is going to fall off the rest of her upper extremity.
People love trampolines. Yet somehow the only time I seem to hear the word trampoline is when someone’s been hurt. I’m not the only one who’d vaporize them on site. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that trampolines never be used at home or in outdoor playgrounds because these injuries include head and neck contusions, fractures, strains and sprains, among other injuries.

So my patient had a (posteriorly) dislocated elbow, meaning she fell off the trampoline, landing on the back of the extended upper arm, pushing the upper arm bone (the humerus) in front of the elbow and forearm. This is how that looks.

So for the joy of bouncing on a trampoline, the child had to be put asleep so the elbow could be replaced into the appropriate position. This procedure is fraught with potential for complications, including a broken bone on the way back, as well as damage to the local nerves and arteries (brachial artery, median and ulnar nerves), which can become entrapped during the effort to relocate the bone into the elbow joint. Some limitation in fully bending the arm up and down (flexion and extension) is common after a dislocation, especially if prompt orthopedic and physical therapy follow-up isn’t obtained. This really is a high price to pay for the privilege of bouncing up and down.
So if you’re going to allow your kids to play on a trampoline, here are two tips shown to reduce injuries.

Find one of those nets that enclose the trampoline, and make sure the frame and hooks are completely covered with padding. This is meant to protect against getting impaled, scratched or thrown from the trampoline.
Keep the trampoline away from anything else, including trees and rocks. This works even better if the trampoline is enclosed as previously mentioned.

Think back to the little girl I had to care for and consider whether this predictable event (complete with the mental stress of being in a loud emergency room in pain, getting an IV started and being put to sleep) was worth the effort. As per routine, an ounce of prevention…
I welcome your questions or comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: Emergency Room Adventures – The Cauliflower Ear

September 28, 2013Head/Eyes/Ears/Nose/Throat, Medical Treatment, TraumaCauliflower ear, Conditions and Diseases, Ear, health, Hematoma, Infection, Otitis, Otitis externa, Otitis media, Randy Couture, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

So here I am again waiting for something interesting to walk in worthy of me telling you about, and lo and behold, a behemoth of a guy walks by. You know, one of those guys who works out way too much for it to be just about health. In any event, the nurse tells me the gentleman has ear pain, and she thinks it’s an infection. Well, that’s odd. Otitis media (middle ear infections) and otitis externa (external ear infections) usually happen in kids. So I get up to see him, and I see something that looks like an early version of Randy Couture’s ear… …and I immediately think of you.
A ‘cauliflower ear’ is something you should be aware of because it’s easily obtained, and it has very bad consequences if not addressed in a timely manner. It’s a deformity of the ear (usually the upper outer portion) mostly caused by blunt trauma. It happens a lot to wrestlers, boxers, MMA fighters and rugby players, but it’s also seen in those with infected high ear-piercings. It occurs when the ear gets hit, causing a hematoma (collection of clotting blood) to form. The hematoma prevents normal flow of blood through the ear. The problem with this is the ear is made of cartilage (a less sturdy form of tissue) than bone. No blood flow and the presence of clots cause the cartilage to wilt and deform, giving the lumpy appearance shown in the picture. This can be treated with drainage of the blood and clot from the ear, but if it’s not done early enough, the ear will become permanently deformed.
If you have trauma or infection to the upper ear, be on the lookout for redness or swelling. Don’t ignore it like you might be inclined to do elsewhere. Get it evaluated promptly, even if it seems minor because… Time is tissue.
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Straight, No Chaser: 10 Questions You Want Answered About Genital Herpes

September 27, 2013Genital/Urinary, Infectious Disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Public HealthCenter For Disease Control and Prevention, Chickenpox, Gonorrhea, health, Herpes genitalis, Herpes simplex, Herpes simplex virus, Oral sex, Sex organ, United States, Varicella zoster virus, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

If you’re in a room, look around. Look to your left, then to your right. Look behind and in front of you. Then look deep inside yourself. Statistically, one of the people you’ve just viewed has genital herpes. Different studies suggest between 16-25% of us between ages 14-49 are infected.

Questions You Want Answered Regarding Genital Herpes

1. How common is it? That’s actually a question with two answers. One of five or six individuals have herpes (well over 50 million Americans if you’re keeping count), but it’s estimated that just short of 800,000 new cases occur every year.
2. How do you get it? Herpes is transmitted sexually (genital, oral and/or anal contact) via someone already infected.
3. Can you really get it from a cold sore? Possibly and theoretically yes, but usually not. The Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) is usually found in oral blisters (i.e. ‘cold sores’ or ‘fever blisters’), and its family member HSV-2 is usually found on or near the genitalia, but both can be found in either. Although the Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that “Generally, a person can only get HSV-2 infection during sexual contact with someone who has a genital HSV-2 infection,” many (if not most) emergency physicians have diagnosed herpes based on transmission from oral as well as genital sex.
4. What are the symptoms? Most have no symptoms or symptoms that may be mistaken for the flu (fever, body aches and swollen and tender lymph nodes). The prototypical symptoms are a cluster of blisters (around your genitalia, mouth, fingers or rectum) or painful ulcers.
5. Does it really stay around forever? Yes. Fortunately, the frequency and severity of outbreaks decrease as you age (assuming your immunity is good). If you are immunocompromised, HSV infections can be devastating.
6. If I catch chickenpox or shingles, does that mean I’ll have genital herpes? No. There are many different herpesviruses. HSV-2 is the virus that causes genital herpes. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles. Varicella zoster does not cause genital herpes.
7. Is it true you can catch herpes in the eye? Yes. Wash your hands. Or else…

8. What was that last picture? That wasn’t an just eye, there was also a finger! Well, how did you get it got from the genitals to the eye (Please don’t answer in the comments section…)? That’s called herpetic whitlow. Notice the common theme of grouped clusters of small blisters (vesicles) again. Regarding that eye infection (herpes keratitis), it can cause blindness.

9. Is it true that women get it more often? Some estimates suggest that 25% of American women and 20% of men have genital herpes. Transmission from males to females is easier than from females to males, but guys, I wouldn’t take any chances.
10. What about the babies? 80-90% of general herpes infections to newborns are transmitted during childbirth as the newborn passes through the birth canal. C-section is recommended for all women in labor with active symptoms or lesions of herpes.
11. How do you treat this anyway? Antiviral medications are used at first sign of outbreaks. These medications don’t cure you of herpes, but they do shorten the frequency and severity of outbreaks. Plus, you’ve got to let your sexual partner know about this. It’s criminal not to.
Overall, my best advice to you is prevention, knowledge about your status, recognition of symptoms and prompt treatment. It is very important to emphasize that many people live quite normal lives with herpes. That still doesn’t mean you should be cavalier or irresponsible about it.
I welcome your questions or comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: Syphilis Prevention, Treatment and the Tuskegee Experience

September 26, 2013Genital/Urinary, Medical Treatment, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Public Health, Health PreventionAfrican American, health, Human papillomavirus, Limited liability company, Monogamy, Penicillin, Powered, Sexual partner, Sexuality, Sexually transmitted disease, Sterling, Straight No Chaser (composition), Syphilis, Tuskegee, United States, United States Public Health Service, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

Syphilis should be a word derived from something meaning horrible. In an earlier post, we reviewed the rather horrific progression of the symptoms of syphilis. An additionally horrible consideration is that treatment is so very easy once identified. Of course, that’s not the most horrific aspect of the disease. Read on.
Looking back retrospectively, advanced syphilis is especially disheartening because it is so easily treated and prevented. Prevention is as simple as always wearing condoms, being in a monogamous relationship with someone confirmed not to have it, checking your sexual partner prior to sex and not engaging in sex if any type of sore/ulcer is in the mouth, genitalia or anal region. Regarding treatment, syphilis once upon a time was quite the plague until penicillin was discovered; treating syphilis is how penicillin ‘made a name’ for itself. Treatment with penicillin easily kills syphilis but unfortunately does nothing for damage that has already occurred. However, as discussed in the post discussing the symptoms of syphilis, remember that treating syphilis at any point can prevent the most severe complications that lead to death. Which brings us to Tuskegee – and keep in mind this is Straight, No Chaser.
In the early 1930s, the US Public Health Service working with the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama began a study to evaluate the effectiveness of current treatments for syphilis, which at the time, were thought to be at least as bad as the disease. The study was conducted on 600 Black men, who were convinced to participate in the study with the promise of free medical exams, meals and money for burial, ‘if’ it was necessary.
The study was initially meant to last 6 months, but at some point a governmental decision was made to continue the study and observe the natural progression of syphilis until all subjects died of the disease, with a commitment obtained from the subjects that they would be autopsied ‘if’ they died. There were several problems with this decision.

None of the patients participated under informed consent. They believed they were being treated as opposed to being observed and having medicine withheld while they were being allowed to die. In other words, the subjects were not aware of the purpose of the study.
Penicillin was established as a true, rapidly effective treatment for syphilis and the standard of care by 1947. The study continued 25 years beyond this treatment option being available.
Efforts by concerned individuals failed to end the study for 5 years prior to a whistleblower going to the press in 1972. The study was ended in a day.

The aftermath of the study includes the following:

Reparations averaging a mere $15,000 per individual were given ($9M total) as well as a formal apology, delivered by President Clinton. Yep, the victims received the equivalent of $15,000 per person on average for 40 years of carrying syphilis 25 years after there was a known cure, after infecting wives and unborn children in several documented cases.
Strict requirements for protocols for human study (i.e. Institutional Review Boards) were implemented for the first time.

It shouldn’t surprise anyone that many African-Americans remain distrustful of governmental public health efforts to this day; for many, this study continues to be the reason while vaccination isn’t optimally taken advantage of (e.g. HPV) and why organ donation rates are so relatively low in the African-American community. Even though this posture contributes to the adverse health outcomes that exist in the African-American community, it isn’t hard to see why the fear and distrust exists.
Let’s bring this full circle. When it comes to syphilis, prevention is best, and full treatment is available. At the very least, I certainly can say you’ve been warned. Folks have given their lives to make your warning possible. I welcome your questions and comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: Syphilis – The Great Mimicker

September 25, 2013Genital/Urinary, Obstetrics and GynecologyConditions and Diseases, Disease, health, Infection, Men who have sex with men, MSM, Rash, Reproductive Health, Sexually transmitted disease, Symptom, SyphilisJeffrey Sterling, MD

Today, you will learn two phrases that you may not have previously heard: The Great Mimicker and MSM. Regarding another word you definitely should know, I’ll touch on it and will save for a separate post: Tuskegee.
Historically, syphilis really is the most important sexually transmitted disease (For what it’s worth, it’s thought that Columbus’ crew spread the disease from the Americas to Europe.). The great mimicker nickname as applied to syphilis exists because syphilis has many general symptoms that resemble and are often confused with other diseases. MSM points to the fact that treatment in the early stages is so complete that syphilis had been rapidly in decline – until it’s reemergence in a specific population. It is estimated that well over 60% of reported early stage cases of syphilis occurs in men who have sex with men (MSM).
In the first part of this review, I want to specifically address the symptoms, which are impressively and dramatically different depending on the stage.

Stage I – Primary Syphilis: Primary syphilis usually presents with the presence of a single, painless sore (a chancre), located wherever it was contracted. As pictured above, the head (glans) of the penis is a typical site. The sore disappears in 3-6 weeks (with or without treatment), and if treatment wasn’t received, the disease progresses. Herein lies the problems. Because it’s painless, you ignore it, perhaps thinking it was a friction sore, or you never gave it much of a thought. Because it went away on its own, you forget about it, thinking that it got better. So sad, so wrong…

Stage II – Secondary Syphilis: When syphilis returns days to weeks (more typically) after the primary infection, it does so quite dramatically. Rashes can appear everywhere, including across your back (as noted above) and chest to on your palms and soles, in your mouth, groin, vagina, anus, or armpits. The rash could be warts (condyloma lata) or flat. You should be scared, but you might not be because… the rash and the other symptoms again will disappear on its own. Despite what you may think intuitively, you really don’t want that to happen.
Latent Syphilis: Dormant syphilis can stay that way for decades after secondary syphilis has occurred. What you don’t know can hurt you. Syphilis can be transmitted during the earlier portion of latent phases, including to an unborn child.

Tertiary Syphilis: Late stage syphilis is a disturbing thing to see (and obviously experience). The disease can result in death, causing damage to the brain, heart, liver, bones, joints, eyes, the nervous system and blood vessels. Before it kills you, it can result in blindness, paralysis, dementia and loss of motor control. If you don’t know how the research discovering all of this was conducted, for now I’ll just say it was one of the most shameful acts of medical history. I’ll blog on it later. The individuals in the above picture were alive when these pictures were taken, by the way.
A special note: The bacteria causing syphilis is rather aggressive, so much so that it can be transmitted by oral, anal or genital sexual contact. By oral, I also mean kissing. Pay attention to those oral sores. Furthermore, syphilis gets transmitted from mother to unborn child. This is a devastating occurrence – if untreated, a child may be born prematurely, with low birth weight or even stillborn. If untreated, once born, a child may suffer deafness, seizures and cataracts before death.
All of the pictures in this posts are typical representations of the various stages of syphilis, and I’ve seen them all. These are not meant to provide any shock value other than demonstrating what occurs with progression of the disease. Later, I will discuss treatment, risks and other considerations. I don’t think you’ll want to miss the rest of the story. That really is shocking – and horrible.
Feel free to offer comments or ask questions.
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Straight, No Chaser: Gonorrhea (No Clapping)

September 24, 2013General Health and Wellness, Genital/Urinary, Infectious Disease, Obstetrics and GynecologyCenter For Disease Control and Prevention, Chlamydia infection, Dysuria, Gonorrhea, Human sexual activity, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Sexually transmitted disease, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

Some of you are old enough to remember when Gonorrhea was called ‘The Clap’, but do any of you know why it was called that? Read on for the answer. In the meantime, realize how disgusting a disease this is. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that well over 800,000 cases of gonorrhea occur yearly. To make matters worse, have you heard about the new ‘Super Gonorrhea’? Don’t let this happen to you.

Here’s what I want you to know about Gonorrhea:

1. It’s a real good reason to wear condoms and a just as good of a reason to wash your hands. Gonorrhea most commonly presents with no symptoms (more often the case in women), but it has two symptoms that won’t let you forget it. It’s the STD that may present with burning upon urination so severe that you feel like you are peeing razor blades. It’s also defined by copious discharge. If you’re exuding white, yellow or green pus, think gonorrhea. As was the case with Chlamydia, it can affect the rectum (proctitis) or a portion of the testicles (epidydimitis), as well as the throat or eyes. Wash your hands after using the bathroom, gents.
2. It’s contagious. If you’re sexually active with someone infected, odds are you’ll get it. It can be acquired via oral, vaginal or anal sex, and ejaculation isn’t required for transmission. Even worse, that means you can pass it to your newborn child (There’s even a name for the condition: ophthalmia neonatorum, as seen in the lead picture.).
2. Treatment doesn’t prevent you from reacquiring it. If you don’t change the behavior, you won’t change the future risk.
3. If both partners aren’t treated, then neither is treated. This can just get passed back and forth like a ping-pong ball. If you have several sexual partners, you’ll manage to introduce a lot of drama into a lot of lives. If you are treated, you should not engage in sexual activity until one week after your partner has completed treatment.
4. It causes serious complications. PID (pelvic inflammatory disease – a complication of untreated Gonorrhea and Chlamydia) is a serious enough topic to warrant its own post, but untreated infections lead to infertility and an increased rate of tubal (ectopic) pregnancies. Gonorrhea also spreads through the blood and joints. Many of these complications are life-threatening.
5. STDs hang out together. Gonorrhea that goes untreated increases the chances of acquiring or transmitting HIV/AIDS. An infection with Gonorrhea should prompt treatment for other STDs and testing for HIV. It is generally assumed that if you have gonorrhea, you’ve likely been infected with Chlamydia.
6. It is easily prevented and treated. Wear condoms each time, every time. Get evaluated early with the development of signs or symptoms. Discuss the discovery of Gonorrhea with all sexual contacts from the last several months. This is an infection you don’t have to catch.
7. It is now super, but not in a good way. Due to antibiotic resistance, treatment of gonorrhea is becoming more complicated. We are seeing more patients who don’t respond to the first course of treatment. Consider antibiotic resistance if symptoms persists more than three days after completion of treatment.

Now, about The Clap.

Traditionally, there have been three theories about why gonorrhea is called the clap, only one of which sound legitimate to me.
1. Treatment (allegedly) used to involved ‘clapping’ a book together around the penis to expel the discharge. Not only does that not make sense, I can’t imagine men letting someone smash their penis in that manner, when you could just ‘milk’ the discharge out (no pun intended). This is a very common explanation, though…
2. The clap may be a mispronunciation of the phrase ‘the collapse’, which is what gonorrhea was called by medics when GIs were being infected with gonorrhea in WWII.
3. Finally, perhaps, clap is derived from the French word for brothel, ‘clapier’. Makes sense if you’re in Paris, but in NY, why wouldn’t it have been called ‘the broth’, because that’s kind of how it looks… Sorry if you’re reading this during lunch. Then again, I did spare you a picture of genital gonorrhea.
Let me know if you have any questions or comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: The Most Common STD – Chlamydia

September 23, 2013Genital/Urinary, Medical Treatment, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health PreventionChlamydia infection, Dysuria, Gonorrhea, Human sexual activity, Infection, Non-gonococcal urethritis, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Sexually transmitted disease, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

For most people, NGU isn’t a college in South Carolina. In fact, non-gonococcal urethritis isn’t really even that anymore, meaning it doesn’t need to be defined by the fact that it’s not gonorrhea. Chlamydia (the most common cause of NGU) by itself causes an estimated 3 million sexually transmitted infections a year. It is the most likely reason you’re coming into the emergency department when someone’s been behaving badly.
Here’s what I want you to know about Chlamydia:
1. It’s a real good reason to wear condoms. Chlamydia most commonly presents with no symptoms but may present with burning with urination, having to go more often (that’s the urethritis; the urethra is the tube through which urine flows) and a cloudy discharge. Less commonly, it can affect the rectum (proctitis) or a portion of the testicles (epidydimitis).
2. It’s contagious. If you’re sexually active with someone infected, odds are you’ll get it. It can be acquired via oral, vaginal or anal sex, and ejaculation isn’t required for transmission. Even worse, that means you can pass it to your newborn child (to disastrous effects to the baby, as noted in the lead picture of the newborn; Chlamydia has long been a significant cause of blindness worldwide, though thankfully the rate is decreasing).
2. Treatment doesn’t prevent you from reacquiring it. If you don’t change the behavior, you won’t change the future risk.
3. If both partners aren’t treated, then neither is treated. This can just get passed back and forth like a ping-pong ball. If you have several sexual partners, you’ll manage to introduce a lot of drama into a lot of lives. If you are treated, you should not engage in sexual activity until one week after your partner(s) have completed treatment.
4. It causes serious damage to females. PID (pelvic inflammatory disease – a complication of untreated Chlamydia) is a serious enough topic to warrant its own post, but untreated infections lead to infertility, an increased rate of tubal (ectopic) pregnancies and other complications. This needs to be identified and treated.
5. STDs hang out together. Chlamydia that goes untreated increases the chances of acquiring or transmitting HIV/AIDS. An infection with Chlamydia should prompt treatment for other STDs and testing for HIV.
6. It is easily prevented and treated. Wear condoms each time, every time. Get evaluated early with development of signs or symptoms. Discuss the discovery of Chlamydia with all sexual contacts from the last several months. This is an infection you don’t have to catch.
Let me know if you have any questions or comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: The Week In Review, September 22nd, 2013

September 22, 2013General Health and Wellness, The Week In ReviewConditions and Diseases, Disease, health, Limited liability company, Septic shock, Sterling, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

You’ve been after me all week with two questions, so here goes:
1) Have you dropped back to one post a day, and why?
Not necessarily; it depends on the topic and what else I have going on. As some of you are aware, I’m in the midst of a pretty significant effort to assist with a public health initiative addressing implementation of the Affordable Care Act. As such, my time is limited. That said, please continue to request and suggest topics. If they’re timely and have appeal to a large audience, I’ll get to it!
2) What’s with the commercials?
First of all some of them are hilarious. I particularly like Burt Reynolds and Cap’n Crunch in the bathtub, Neely and the Honey Nut Cheerios Bee, and the little baby (I won’t spoil the punch line.). WordPress recoups the costs of producing this blog by placing commercials. That allows the blog to be produced without additional costs. Thanks for your support, and I’m glad the information seems to be making a difference for many of you.

Now to the Straight, No Chaser Week in Review.

On Sunday, we addressed septic shock. It’s difficult to address topics that represent part of the final pathway to death, and I know many of you have lost loved ones as a result of septic shock finishing off whatever the initial illness was. I hope that I addressed this topic in a way that offered you clarity and not any insensitivity for what has to be among your most uncomfortable memories.
On Monday, we addressed a very important part of the future of medicine, and nurses’ various roles in it. You should be aware of these changes, given how they will affect you. We also addressed the basics of diabetes. I hope you paid attention. I describe diabetes as the Terminator of common diseases. It is both insidious and relentless. It takes a life-long effort to stay on top of things, lest you end up with a foot or leg amputated, blind, or fighting infections, seemingly indefinitely.
On Tuesday, we looked at hypoglycemia, which often occurs as a result of overmedication of diabetics but also occurs as a result of some potentially fatal diseases. In the emergency room, hypoglycemia is the first thing we assume is occurring and attend to in most patients with any altered mental status. It’s just that important – and potentially deadly. We also addressed the initial actions victims should take in the face of a sexual assault. Special thanks to Dorothy Kozakowski, Vice-President of the Illinois Chapter of the International Association of Forensic Nurses for collaborating on this post. Please remember: get away and get to help as quickly as you can without doing anything to yourself. I hope you never have to experience this, but statistically, I know that’s not the case.
On Wednesday, we looked at the most common abdominal cause of surgery in most ages: appendicitis. Symptoms vary significantly, but if you sequentially get abdominal pain, loss of appetite (with possible nausea and vomiting) and a fever, you might want to get to your local emergency department. A ruptured appendix could be fatal. We also reviewed blood clots in your legs (aka deep venous thrombosis, aka DVTs). Please review the risk factors for these and lower your risk. Given that these clots break off, go to the lungs and brain, and lead to strokes or death, it’s worth knowing.
On Thursday, we reviewed the various types of hernias that occur. As with appendicitis, there are risk factors you should know and potentially deadly consequences for failure to get these addressed. Regarding the variety that occur in your groin, ask your physician to show you how to check yourself. Learn how to lift properly!
On Friday, we addressed medical conditions that tend to have a higher risk of occurring while you’re flying. If you like tips, it’s worth knowing those items suggested that could save a life (be reminded that there are no medical crews on your flights).
On Saturday, we began a week-long series on sexually transmitted infections (aka STIs, aka STDs). I’m ok with you reading in silence. Just read. Knowledge is power. You’d much rather I answer your questions now as opposed when you’re about to be on the business end of a needle, speculum or swab (gentlemen that last one is especially for you). We’ll be looking at individual conditions all this upcoming week – but I refuse to call it STD week. That’s every week.
Thank you for your ongoing readership. Have a great upcoming week.
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Straight, No Chaser: Bacterial Vaginosis – No, That's Not an STD

September 22, 2013Medical Treatment, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Public Health, Health PreventionBacteria, Bacterial vaginosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Conditions and Diseases, health, Human sexual activity, Infection, Microorganism, PH, Sexual partner, Sexuality, Sexually transmitted disease, Vagina, Vaginitis, Women's HealthJeffrey Sterling, MD

I try to give you straight talk but never crudely. Therefore as I wade into conditions involving the genitalia, I’ll be sure to respect various sensitivities. That doesn’t mean I’m sugar-coating your information, it just means I am aware that you’re suffering and concerned by different scenarios.
One of those is bacterial vaginosis. There is an age after which women invariably start discovering that various things they do can disrupt the appearance, smell and content of their vaginal fluid. It’s certainly human nature to wonder if something has gone terribly wrong. Let’s pick up our Doctor-Couple conversation from earlier…
Patient: Yep! I have this grayish/whitish discharge that only happens after sex. And sometimes it itches around there. And it burns when I pee! No rashes or that other stuff, though.
Doctor: Ok. Let’s examine you…
All humans have various microorganisms that normally reside inside us at relatively low levels; different microorganisms inhabit different part of the body. They’ve set up a delicate balance (like an ecosystem, if you will) that, once settled doesn’t disturb us (their hosts) at all. If external or internal circumstances disturb that balance such that one set of organisms is disproportionately affected, overgrowth of the other organisms may occur. Many of you will recognize this as happening when you get a ‘yeast’ infection. It’s also what occurs when you develop bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is the most common vaginal infection in the U.S. It’s more likely to be seen when you start having unprotected sex with a new partner, have multiple sex partners, are pregnant or douche (therefore, women who are not sexually active can have BV also). By the way, you don’t get BV from toilet seats or swimming pools.
The question everyone always has is “What’s the role of sex, especially sperm, in it?”. That’s asked because BV is often noticed after unprotected sex that includes ejaculation. Here’s where you learn the difference between ‘sexually transmitted’ and ‘sexually associated’. It is unclear what role sex has in the development of BV, but common thoughts include alterations in the pH of the vaginal fluid based on interactions with sperm/semen. It is known that the pH of women become more alkaline (less acidic) after exposure to semen, and that environment produces compounds causing the ‘fishy smell’. Yes, that’s real. We even have a real thing call a ‘whiff test’ as part of making the diagnosis.
The good news is BV is easily treated. The bad news is it needs to be treated, and it can recur even if it’s treated. Remember, it’s just an overgrowth syndrome. There are complications to not getting BV treated, especially if you’re pregnant. This makes it especially important that medication be taken to completion, even though you may feel better prior to that. Male partners do not need to be treated.
So this couple gets ‘off the hook’, even though they may decide to start using condoms. Unfortunately, some of the next sets of couples aren’t so lucky.
I welcome any questions or comments.

Straight, No Chaser: The Doctor/Patient Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Talk

September 21, 2013Infectious Disease, Public Health, Health PreventionGonorrhea, health, Herpes simplex, Human papillomavirus, Human sexual activity, Safe sex, Sexuality, Sexually transmitted disease, Syphilis, VaginaJeffrey Sterling, MD

As an emergency physician, my first consideration is to eliminate life threats. Along the way, I cure disease and provide a ton of information. With all of these efforts, I provide a heavy dose of tough love and straight talk meant to empower (and hopefully never belittle). This is heavy on my mind because this week we’ll be discussing sex – not the pleasant aspects, but those instances when something has gone wrong as a result of sex.
I’ve been on the receiving end of hundreds (more likely thousands) of couples coming in, usually one dragging the other by the ear, attempting to determine if “something’s going on”, and yes, more than a few relationships have left the emergency room dissolved after such conversations. I would like to have the beginning of such a conversation with you much in the way that I might have with one of these couples. This is a very appropriate prelude to a conversation about sexuality transmitted infections (aka STIs aka STDs).
Patient: I have a foul smell coming from my vagina. I know he’s doing something!
Doctor: Can you tell me what it smells like? Is there any vaginal discharge, rash or other lesions that you’re seeing?
Male partner (who would have been better off saying nothing): It smells like fish!
Patient (after shooting eye lasers at her partner): I am not having sex with anyone but him, so I know he did something!
Male partner: Doc, I’m not doing anything. She’s the only one I’m with, and I don’t have any symptoms.
Doctor: So each of you only has each other as a partner?
Couple: <nods yes>
Doctor: Would you bet your lives on it?
Couple: <Stunned silence>
Doctor: Well that’s exactly what you’re doing every time you’re having unprotected sex. Now about that discharge…
This upcoming week we are going to address 5 of the 6 most common and/or most important STIs out there for you to know about.

Chlamydia

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

Herpes

HIV

Not talking about them, not protecting yourself from them, and not testing yourself for them is truly believing that ignorance is bliss. In this case, what you don’t know can kill you. No matter what you think about how ‘good’ it is, it’s not worth risking your life over. Also, as an additional conversation, I’ll discuss Bacterial Vaginosis.
While you’re waiting for the next post, go back and reread the other of the 6: this post on ‘The Sexually Transmitted Cancer’. It definitely should be considered requiring reading for everyone who is sexually active or about to become active, and I would have addressed it first had I not already covered it. Might I suggest you cover it as well?
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Straight, No Chaser: The Medical Issues You Encounter While Flying

September 20, 2013General Health and Wellness, Health PreventionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Deep vein thrombosis, health, Limited liability company, Lung, Pulmonary embolism, Thrombus, WordPressJeffrey Sterling, MD

I’ve probably been engaged twenty times on airplanes to provide medical assistance. My favorite incident was when four doctors (and a nurse) simultaneously jumped to assistance as if everyone was some type of superhero. Of course, I wouldn’t be telling the story if I didn’t end up being the last man standing (due to my status as the emergency physician among the group – and yes, the patient was ok). Consider this your handy to do and to don’t if and when you’re traveling by air. You never know!
There are four quick considerations I’d like to share:
Blood clots: Flights (and especially the long ones) increase your risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVTs – discussed in detail here). You can reduce this risk by frequently bending and rotating your ankles, drinking water whenever the opportunity presents and getting up intermittently to walk. Prevention is also important – this is why traveling while in the latter stages of pregnancy is especially problematic and why near-term women aren’t allowed to travel (and you thought it only had to do with early deliveries!).
Headaches and earaches: Air in your body (lungs, intestines, sinuses and eardrums, to name a few) expand when your plane ascends and contracts upon descent. The squeeze on descent is actually more frequent of an issue than gases expanding on ascent, but both situations present problems. In addition to exacerbating migraines, your eardrums can rupture from the squeeze. Of course, adults address this by holding their noses and blowing, thus ‘popping’ their ears (actually this equalizes the pressure on both sides of the eardrum, returning things back to normal). Kids suffer just as much as adults, but the younger ones aren’t able to release the pressure as easily. Thus, it’s true that you should allow them to chew or suck on something during descent. The passenger sitting next to you will thank you.
Fainting: Fainting is a common occurrence on flights for many reasons. Faints and other mental status changes due to hypoglycemia are the most common episodes I’ve personally encountered on flights. My best advice here is to stay hydrated (This will help you prevent faints and problems with DVTs.) and if you’re diabetic, eat during the flight. Low sugar reactions are scary in the air, and the pilots are always wondering if they’ll need to do an emergency landing.
Respiratory disease: This is an important consideration because the potential for bad outcomes are heightened. Those with asthma, blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary emboli) and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease aka chronic bronchitis and emphysema) need to discuss traveling with their physicians. The high altitude of flights results in thinner air, drier air and increasing viscosity of your blood, which can affect patients suffering from the conditions mentioned. A ruptured lung in a patient with bad COPD is a formula for disaster.
In short, fly smart and fly healthy. An airplane is a horrible place to be in harm’s way. And that doesn’t even include snakes on a plane.

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Straight, No Chaser: Hernias – Turn Your Head and Cough!

September 19, 2013Gastrointestinal, Musculoskeletal SystemAbdomen, Groin, health, Hernia, Intestine, Muscle, Surgery, Umbilical herniaJeffrey Sterling, MD

Hernias are an uncomfortable topic (no pun intended, for many reasons). Hernias are yet another example of body parts not being in their proper place. They are caused by weak muscles or tissue allowing other tissue to push through in the face of pressure. Hernias can be found in many places and can be caused by many things.
Here are some examples of places hernias occur:

In your groin, different types of hernias occur when either the intestine or bladder pushes through groin (inguinal canal) or the abdominal wall. The most common type of hernias here are called inguinal hernias.
In the upper thigh, the intestine can push through a different space where arteries are normally carried. These are called femoral hernias.
In your abdomen, your intestine may protrude through an area where you’ve had surgery (rendering that area relatively weak). These are called incisional hernias.
The small intestine can protrude through the area immediately at or near your belly button. These are called umbilical hernias.
Part of your stomach can push through an opening in your diaphragm near the end of the feeding tube (your esophagus). These is called hiatal hernias.

The ‘so-what’ of hernias is similar to other outpoutchings throughout the body. Prolapsed intestines (to use one example) can become unable to be relocated into the proper area (an irreducible or incarcerated hernia) or once trapped, it may have blood flow cut off from that part of your intestine (a strangulated hernia). This could lead to death of that tissue. Given the contents of your intestines, any such situations could lead to rupture and infection throughout your body (sepsis). Such complications are life-threatening and require immediate surgery.
Here are causes and risk factors (remember the common denominators are pressure and weakness of the affected area):

Lifting heavy objects is a particular risk if your abdominal muscles are weak. Men are structurally weaker in the groin anyway.
Pregnancy and obesity lead to femoral hernias and umbilical hernias (although this type is most common in newborns).
Surgery obviously places you at risk for an incisional hernia, particularly if you’re inactive.
Pressure within the abdomen is also increased by sneezing, coughing, diarrhea and constipation (Don’t strain!).
Smoking, obesity and poor dietary habits also increase the risk by lessening muscle strength.

Straight, No Chaser: Blood Clots in Your Legs – Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

September 18, 2013Hematology & Oncology/Blood Disorders/Cancer, Medical Treatment, Musculoskeletal SystemBlood, Cardiovascular Disorders, Conditions and Diseases, Deep vein thrombosis, health, Pulmonary embolism, Thrombus, Vascular DisordersJeffrey Sterling, MD

When patients talk about blood clots, they’re describing a blockage of a blood vessel somewhere in the body, usually the lower extremities (legs and thighs), the lungs (pulmonary embolus) or the brain. Today we’ll discuss the variety that occurs in the lower extremities, which are generally referred to as deep venous thrombosis (DVTs). In case you’re thinking that a clot in the leg doesn’t sound as bad as a clot in the lungs or the head, you’re correct – until you understand that DVTs break off and travel to other body sites, leading to blockage elsewhere (This is called embolism.).
Your challenge is to appreciate the risks of developing DVTs and the symptoms. Risk factors include the following:

Birth control pills or other estrogen use (this combined with cigarette smoking pushes the risk even higher)
Cancer
Cigarette smoking
Family history of blood clots
Obesity
Prolonged immobilization
Recent pelvic or leg fracture
Recent surgery (most often the pelvis or lower extremities)
Recent travel involving long periods of sitting
Certain medical conditions, most notably lupus

Symptoms most commonly are in one leg or the other, and reflect the fact that the vein is being blocked. These include pain, swelling, redness and warmth.
Diagnosis and treatment are relatively straightforward as long as they occur in time (meaning before the clots have broken off). Diagnosis is usually accomplished by an ultrasound of the lower extremities; once discovered, you’ll be placed on blood thinners. It’s important to know that blood thinners prevent the formation of new clots. They do not dissolve existing clots. That’s usually not necessary, as many DVTs simply dissolve. If it doesn’t, DVTs that embolize are life-threatening (more so from the pelvis and thigh than the legs). Unfortunately pulmonary emboli are among the most missed medical diagnoses and causes of death. Try to manage your controllable risk factors, and be aware when you’re dealing with a risk factor that you can’t control (like surgery).
I welcome any questions or comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: Appendicitis – A Whole Lot over Quite a Little…

September 18, 2013Gastrointestinal, Medical TreatmentAbdomen, Abdominal pain, Appendicitis, Conditions and Diseases, health, Inflammation, Ovarian cyst, SurgeryJeffrey Sterling, MD

There’s not much that causes as much legitimate angst in parents as a child with appendicitis. In case you don’t know what the fuss is all about, the appendix is a 3 1/2 inch pouch on the edge of the large intestine near the right lower part of your abdomen. It’s actually like a long, skinny skin tag that (as best as we know) has no purpose other than to seemingly get inflamed, rupture and require surgery. The problem with it is that it’s a pouch (Pouches are bad things in the body. They always seem to twist or otherwise get blocked, leading to problems. This happens with aneurysms and hemorrhoids; twisting otherwise occurs with torsion of ovarian cysts or the testes. These stories don’t end well.). This particular pouch has the misfortune of being filled with stool, so if it gets sufficiently blocked or inflamed to the point where it ruptures, your abdomen will contain loose stool, which as you can imagine will cause a nasty infection rapidly (This is called peritonitis.). Appendicitis is a surgical emergency, because left untreated, the peritonitis caused by rupture will lead to septic shock.
Appendicitis is very common, occurring in one of fifteen individuals, usually between ages 10-30. It is more dangerous in the young and old, because they are both less able to describe symptoms and more likely to have abnormal presentations. Both of these scenarios lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, which as you might imagine, doesn’t give patients the best opportunity for good outcomes.
Symptoms classically involve abdominal pain, followed by nausea, vomiting and fever, although other symptoms involving the digestive and urinary systems may be present. Often, the pain begins near the umbilicus (belly button) and seemingly migrates to the right lower portion of the abdomen. The pain may lead to a ‘board-like’ feel of the abdomen. This is a bad sign when it happens.
Treatment involves surgery (an appendectomy) in the overwhelming majority of cases. Your job is to maintain a high level of suspicion and remember a few very important pearls of wisdom. First is seek medical attention without delay. Also, don’t eat, drink or take any medicine if you think this is what’s going on. Surgery requires an empty stomach, and certain medicines may mask the pain (leading to diagnostic difficulties) or facilitate early rupture of the appendix. In case you were wondering, there’s no definitive way to prevent appendicitis, but it is less frequent in those on high fiber diets. Score another point for fruits and vegetables.
I welcome any questions or comments you may have.
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Straight, No Chaser: The Initial Response to Sexual Assault

September 17, 2013General Health and Wellness, Genital/Urinary, Medical Treatment, Mental Health, TraumaJeffrey Sterling, MD

There are few more tragic human interactions than a sexual assault. The physical and mental issues are both challenging and dangerous. Unfortunately, the response during the initial period of grief and shock often leads to circumstances that complicate matters even more. The purpose of today’s blog is only to provide you with information and tips to ensure that those initial actions don’t compromise a victim’s chance to get physically better and appropriately evaluated in a way that allows evidence to be collected. To that end, I welcome to Straight, No Chaser as a guest collaborator Dorothy Kozakowski, Vice-President of the Illinois Chapter of the International Association of Forensic Nurses, a specialist in substance abuse, sexual assault and domestic violence detection. She also heads Forensic Sane Services, providing care in Chicago and throughout Illinois (www.forensicsaneservices.com).
Sexual assault survivors are most often in shock immediately after the event and tend not to consider themselves as victims of a crime. Feelings of guilt, shame and physical injuries may cloud one’s judgement and lead to inappropriate actions. There are often additional factors in play. The victim may still be in danger or captive. The victim may have lost consciousness or may be under the influence of various illicit substances.
Assuming that the victim is able to overcome these obstacles, and the anxiety and fear associated with publicly alleging an assault has occurred, there still are multiple challenges to overcome (It is important to point out the power of the phrase ‘alleged assault’. If the act isn’t proven, the consequences of an unproven accusation often lead to even more problems for the victim, and the fear of such may be so powerful that it inhibits the victim from reporting the event.).
For the purpose of this post, we simply want to advise you on initial steps to take to both protect yourself and secure the chain of evidence, thus giving any future prosecution the best possible chance to catch the perpetrator.

Remove yourself from the situation ASAP. Sexual assault is an act of violence, and you should consider yourself to be in danger.
Go immediately to the emergency room, local rape crisis center, or other designated facility suitable for an evidentiary examination to collect physical evidence. If not immediately, certainly within 72 hours.
Go as you are. Do not engage in activities that may destroy important evidence that can be used to identify the perpetrator, such as urinating, defecating, vomiting, douching, removing/inserting a tampon, wiping/cleaning genital area, bathing, showering, gargling, brushing teeth, smoking, eating, drinking, chewing gum, changing clothes, or taking medications.

Post-script: The authors have been involved in sexual assault work for years. Sterling Initiatives is proud to have implemented the first Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner program in the state of Connecticut and to have made similar initial pioneering efforts at major trauma centers in Texas and Wisconsin.
The trauma of sexual assault is only made worse by perpetrators getting away with the act, which unfortunately occurs in 15 of 16 cases, largely because reporting doesn’t occur and/or evidence is destroyed. Please consider the information provided should you or a loved one ever find yourself in harm’s way in this manner. We welcome any questions or comments you may have.
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Straight, No Chaser: Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)

September 17, 2013Endocrine/Metabolic, General Health and Wellness, Medical TreatmentBlood sugar, Conditions and Diseases, Diabetes, Diabetes mellitus, Endocrine Disorders, Glucose, health, Insulin, PancreasJeffrey Sterling, MD

In the last post, I provided an overview of diabetes. Everyone knows about diabetes, and most understand how dangerous diabetes is over the long-term. However, as an emergency physician, I’m more concerned with what will kill you immediately, and on that front, low blood glucose (sugar) is usually much more concerning. I want you to know up front that a low enough blood glucose will kill you – now. As we say in the ER, a high glucose level will hurt you and may kill you, but a glucose level that goes to zero means ‘Cancel Christmas’.
Therefore I will start with a simple statement. Any diabetic (or individual known to have low glucose levels) with altered mental status needs to be given juice or if they can handle it, some soft food to chew on. If they’re in the midst of a high sugar reaction, it won’t make much of a difference, but if that glucose level was zero, you’ve just saved a life. Now let’s briefly discuss symptoms and causes.
Low glucose levels can present many different ways including dizziness, jitteriness, numbness, tingling, blackouts, seizures and other symptoms. However, it’s usually the confusion or other change in mental status that’s most predominant and concerning. Just remember, this is not something about which you should wait around to see if it gets better.
Regarding causes, unintentional overdosing of insulin or oral medication (particular the sulfonylureas class of medicines) are especially concerning and common. Sometimes a family member, particularly a child, may take such a medicine to disastrous effects. Beyond that, heavy alcohol consumption on an empty stomach is another common cause due to its effects on the liver (Alcohol locks glucose stores in the liver, preventing release to the blood; as a result you have less to use.).
Other causes are more exotic and fortunately less common; they will be evaluated upon arrival to the hospital when a rapid response isn’t seen with simple administration of glucose. Dysfunction of certain organs (the adrenal and pituitary glands, the liver due to hepatitis, or tumors of the pancreas – the organ that produces the insulin that drives glucose into your cells – can cause problems with regulating either glucose itself or insulin. These conditions can drive your blood glucose dangerously low.
So, the causes are varied, but the message is simple. Be careful with insulin administration, remember to check those blood sugar levels and act promptly in the face of mental status changes. Usually I note that time is tissue, but in this example, you’ll run out of time before your tissues are damaged.
I welcome your questions or comments.
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Straight, No Chaser: Diabetes Basics Made Simple

September 16, 2013Endocrine/Metabolic, Medical TreatmentBlood, Cell (biology), Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Glucose, health, Insulin, PancreasJeffrey Sterling, MD

Somehow, I’ve managed not to talk much about diabetes. What an oversight that has been, and it’s one that is about to be corrected. As much as I’ve talked about the importance of your blood vessels, diabetes is a disease that further drives that point home. However, I’ll get to that later. First here’s some basic information for you.
We eat, and the process of digestion is for the purpose of converting food into glucose (sugar) that’s used by our body for energy. The blood delivers the glucose to different organs of the body where the cells take it up for use. In order for that process to work, an organ that’s part of the digestive tract called the pancreas has to produce a hormone called insulin. Insulin facilitates the glucose getting from the blood to inside the cells. Diabetes is a disease where insulin isn’t being made by the pancreas or isn’t working optimally.
Now think about what happens when you’re not getting sugar into your cells. It’s as if you’re starving (because physiologically, you might as well be). You get symptoms such as weight loss, hunger, fatigue and excessive thirst. Because your cells don’t have energy, they aren’t functioning well. In fact, blood and nerve vessels lose significant function, resulting in significant vision loss and lack of sensitivity in your extremities. Anyone who’s been a diabetic for about 10 years know this because you’re wearing glasses and because you’ve lost a fair amount of sensation, especially in your feet. There are other symptoms that are variations of the same theme, including excessive urination, dry skin, increased infection rate and slower healing from those infections – all due to poor function of your blood vessels.
Sometimes diabetes is a disease that happens to you because of unlucky genetics (or simply a family history). Other times it is a disease that you find. Risk factors for developing diabetes includes obesity, older age, and physical inactivity. Gestational diabetes (i.e. that occurring during pregnancy) is an entirely different conversation.
Let’s take a moment to discuss prevention and treatment. I haven’t discussed the different types of diabetes (but will if you ask questions), but the risk of one form of diabetes in particular can be reduced by – you guessed it – diet and exercise. In fact, diet, exercise and medications are the three legs of the diabetes treatment stool regardless of type. Some patients require regular insulin injections and others require pills. Still others who are successful with diet and exercise are able to markedly reduce, and in some instances eliminate medications.
I will have additional comments on diabetes in future posts. I welcome your questions and comments.
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